0000359761 00000 n the metacognitive subscale of the SQS. Openness and curiosity imply a willingness to risk and to move beyond ones comfort zone. [124], Littrell et al. Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. This segment orients viewers to the topic of cultural awareness in the healthcare setting and reviews the three part series. Smith, P. B., Dugan, S. & Trompenaars, F. (1996). For Dervin, such research is "Janusian", in reference to the two-faced God. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 263-274. [..] Adjustment refers to the subjective experiences associated with adaptation, and may be assessed by mood states, self-esteem, self-awareness, physical health, self-confidence, stress, psychological and psychosomatic concerns, early return to ones home country, dysfunctional communication, culture shock, depression, anxiety, diminished school and work performance, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Matsumoto & Hwang (2013:850). 2 0 obj (1975). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 23(2), 188-197. Mayo, Andrew (2003) Culture: The Mother of all Hurdles, Training Journal, (May), p. 36. However, the authors also point out current lack of understanding: Although we have an understanding of what the distinct types of acculturation strategies are and of their consequences, it appears that little is known about the antecedentsthat is, what predicts individuals to want to maintain their own and others cultural identity (and adopt different types of acculturation strategies). Strong identification with both groups is indicative of integration or biculturalism; identification with neither group suggests marginality. 477491) . Knowing Me, Knowing You, is There Nothing We Can Do? Dongfeng (2012:73) [69], analysing studies on culture shock, identifies four implications for cross-cultural training: Matsumoto & Hwang (2013) [42], in a review of tests to measure cross-cultural competence, identify two categories of desirable outcomes, adaptation and adjustment. _5 Chao, M., Okazaki, S., & Hong, Y. A copy of the items is here. Corder, Deborah. 0000005546 00000 n Sieck, W., Smith, J., & Rasmussen, L. (2013). 0000006833 00000 n Reasearch and common sense agree that cultural differences do exist. to reveal cognitive processes and structures that people use. The authors identify information, demonstration, practice, and feedback (IDPF) as the basic four elements of any training program, i.e. stream 0000018016 00000 n a city area which they knew rather well and where they "felt at home". Masculinity versus Femininity, related to the division of emotional roles between women and men; 5. It is a factorial combination of 3 x 4 x 5 items (below). 0000005033 00000 n For example, the authors found that In the first instance and in contrast to Lysgaards cross-sectional research, no evidence was found to suggest that psychological adjustment is better in the first six months compared to the 612 month period; in fact, elevated levels of depression occurred in conjunction with students overseas arrival. In other words, teaching simple overt and descriptive facts and skills should be completed (or replaced) with analytical or interpretive know-how. Mark Ward (2010) [139] studied the acculturation of newcomers into the virtual cultures of massively multiplayer online games and found that Intercultural communication theories, and particularly theories regarding sojourners cross-cultural adaptation to new environments, appear to offer useful frameworks for analyzing phenomena observed in research on massively multiplayer online games. He concluded: Novice gamers cannot function effectively within the society of a particular gameworld until, as Nishida (1999, 2005) [86] [140] predicted, they internalize the schemas required to swiftly process cultural information and accurately fill in the gaps. Many learning communities explore a common topic and/or common readings through the lenses of different disciplines. During the process, collecting information with respect to the perspectives of culturally relevant others in the community is critical, so that their directions of adjustment can be more clearly guided., To explore the schema aspect of their cross-cultural experiences, this study utilized critical incident analysis to understand their reactions, decisions, and changes when they handled complex or confusing problems, four important components that help to move the schema during intercultural encounters. Global Perspective Inventory (GPI): Its Purpose, Construction, Potential Uses, and Psychometric Characteristics. Mendenhall, M.E., G.K. Stahl, I. Ehnert, G. Oddou, J.S. In M. Mendenhall, J. Osland, A. Bird, G. Oddou, M. Maznevski, M. Stevens, & G. Stahl (Eds. Public Interest, Vol. The authors, citing Bennett, (2008) [159]define Intercultural Knowledge and Competence as a set of cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills and characteristics that support effective and appropriate interaction in a variety of cultural contexts., The intercultural knowledge and competence rubric suggests a systematic way to measure our capacity to identify our own cultural patterns, compare and contrast them with others, and adapt empathically and flexibly to unfamiliar ways of being. Papadopoulos, Tilki and Taylor (1988) proposed a similar model, also for the health care area [62] Model for Developing Cultural Competence. A number of agencies in the U.S. have systematic ways of managing cultural differences and building cultural . While carrying out fieldwork, and particularly new fieldwork, the researcher is continually bombarded with a flow of information, making it at times difficult to focus on everything of interest. ), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. 6:60110. Cognitive skills emerged including comparative thinking skills and cognitive flexibility. For example, the magnitude of the difference in youth's (built and natural) environments came up in the drawings that were not discussed in the focus groups. 632641, H. Jamil, S.C. Nassar McMillan, R.G. Participants are observed in a intercultural communication context and rated be judges. The use of a particular pattern is likely to be culture-specific. Berado (2012), [66] defines four R's of culture change, cultural adjustment model that identifies five key changes: routines, reactions, roles, relationships and reflections about oneself that we face when we move across cultures. Assessing intercultural competence: Issues and tools. National cultures are not identical to organizational or individual cultures. Ward, Colleen; Bochner, Stephen & Furnham, Adrian (2001). within a same town one can find companies that adopt a very different organizational-cultural model. Sterling, VA: Stylus. 2001, 35 (6): 918-925. the authors distinguish two broad categories: intellectual vs. experiential. New York: AMACOM. ), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. Briones, E., Tabernero, C., Tramontano, C., Caprara, G. V., & Arenas, A. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22 (3), 277-291. After identifying precisely what is to be measured and initial item pool has to be created from various sources (including other tools). 0000008418 00000 n The developmental approach in psychology is irreplaceable. Understanding the Need: Cultural Awareness in Healthcare Although expatriates have limited abilities in affecting the bigger socialcultural environment, they can play a more active role in shaping their own social environment by including or excluding social relationships.. Two components of cultural metacognition are (a) knowledge 0000046112 00000 n In addition, students who are given the chance to explore CCA in the language classroom attain pro"ciency in the skill of evaluation (Byram, 1997), feel more . Comfort in caring for patients from diverse cultures increased after repeated exposures to persons from other cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49-65. personality traits or learned skills. Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence (pp. Cross-culturally competent Rudmin, F. W. (2009). Destructiveness: Attitudes, policies and practices destructive to other cultures; purposeful destruction and dehumanization of other cultures; assumption of cultural superiority; eradication of other cultures; or exploitation by dominant groups. First-year seminars can also involve students with cutting-edge questions in scholarship and with faculty members own research. Retrieved from. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Allolio-Ncke, Lars (2005). 0000361215 00000 n Feitosa et al. Die Einwanderungsproblematik aus Zuwanderersicht, dargestellt am Beispiel von Vietnamflchtlingen in Deutschland. Matsumoto (2002), a cross-cultural psychologist, [112] argues that the study of culture itself contributes to our understanding of human behavior and mental processes. A lot of the research and practical literature concerns the three areas we identified already: Health, international business and higher education. The International Journal of Humanities, 5(3), 17-21. 0000004027 00000 n Mason, J. L. (1995). Student participants in the study endorsed experiential learning in culturally diverse groups about intercultural communication through intercultural communication., to respond to a case study that concerned a franchisor in Australia considering two expressions of interest from potential franchisees in the Netherlands and Hong Kong., listen to the patient's perception of the problem, explain their own opinion, acknowledge and discuss differences and similarities, recommend treatment, and negotiate an agreement, (1) manage change personal-professional transition; (2) manage the cultural differences; and (3) manage their professional responsibilities, research indicates that an integrated program model delivers the most effective training (Copeland & Griggs, 1993; Black & Mendenhall, 1990,Rhinesmith, 1993). Awareness and sensitivity also refer to the qualities of openness and flexibility that people develop in relation to others. Sri Ramalu et al. However, evidence that it improves patient adherence to therapy, health outcomes, and equity of services across racial and ethnic groups is lacking. Bruckman, A. A review of the concept of intercultural awareness. Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. The instrument was tested in several diverse cultural settings. Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? (2015:[14]) describe the elicitation process as follows: Each participant was invited to draw two pictures: A key lesson learnt was that adequate time and opportunities must be given to participants to (1) create the drawings, (2) to interpret and discuss the drawings and (3) to complete or change the drawings as a result of group discussions. Scheele, Brigitte (1992) (Ed.). Mastery of the cognitive and affective phases of cultural development. making expatriates ready for a different culture. Ward and Kennedy (1999) [171] created an instrument to measure sociocultural adaptation based on perceived behavior. Students are more comfortable in structured environments they are familiar with. The starting point of this assessment technique is Ruben's (1976:344) [146] argument that there is a gap between knowing and doing: Even within ones own culture, knowing that one ought to be respectful or empathic or non-judgmental does not guarantee that one will be able to perform the behavior, even with good intentions, The Business Cultural Intelligence Quotient was created by Alon, Boulanger, Meyers and Tars (2016). 0000046373 00000 n 20. The International Journal of Learning, 16(6), pp. learners being able to pass an exam) can be met, however, meeting affective and behavioral goals might be much more difficult. 6 0 obj Crossman, J. Gudykunst, W.; Ting-Tommey, S. (1996). Higher Education Perspectives, pp. (2006) within their prescriptions of cultural competence in medical education, argue, that practical skills must be taught as opposed to just general principle meaning that a practitioner has to learn to listen to the patient's perception of the problem, explain their own opinion, acknowledge and discuss differences and similarities, recommend treatment, and negotiate an agreement. Personality and Social Psychology Review 4(4): 355373. 8 0 obj (Dongfeng 2012:71, two variations in adaptation have been identified, involving psychological well-being and sociocultural competence. Livermore, David (2009). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Chen and Starosta (2000) [161] developed an instrument to measure intercultural communication sensitivity. Fantini, A.E. 35, No. A theory of adult intellectual development: process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Culture formation then occurs as people strive toward stability, consistency, and meaning. [126] present in integrative model of expatriate selection and training. PDF Cultural Awareness in Intercultural Mentoring: A Model for Enhancing 0000009300 00000 n Communication Journal of New Zealand, 5(2), 27-46. In other words, it is a short or insufficient piece of information and requires additions. ABC-CLIO. On also can argue that cultures have common traits, and that people are far more similar across cultures than they are different (Spitzberg 2013) [33]. The Transitional Experience: An Alternative doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00231. cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills C . Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. Deborah B.L. Any behaviors or communications that differ from MY socialization are wrong & attributed to others' ignorance & bad intensions b. CCT should use multiple educational strategies and should not stand alone. Mitchell R. Hammer, The Developmental paradigm for intercultural competence research, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Volume 48, September 2015, Pages 12-13, ISSN 0147-1767, W.K. Besides trying to represent, summarize, visualize and compare different cultural representations, research also attempts to measure cultural competence with mostly psychometric assessment tools. (1992). An initial version included 91 items and the following dimensions: Cultural Empathy, Openmindedness, Emotional Stability, Orientation to Action, Adventurousness/Curiosity, Flexibility, and Extraversion. Higher Education Research & Development, 28(6), 557-570. The predictive validity of the CQ measure also includes psychological well-being, the acquisition of culture-appropriate skills, and the capacity to make culturally accurate attributions (Alon et al. Suspending judgement: being able to sincerely listen to others during intercultural communication. Olga den Besten (2010) [105] studied social and spatial divisions (urban segregation). It s hoped that a dozen or a score of syndromes, to be identified in the future, will account for most of the interesting, reliable cultural differences. Cultural intelligence is also known as cultural quotient (CQ) in analogy to the Intelligent quotient (IQ). (4) Organizes personal resources to support a chosen approach. Moreover, pictures have helped me show the different levels of spatial segregation, from the town to the migrant's bed. Variation von Lege-Strukturen zur Wissensreprsentation. argues that multiculturalism, generically labeled as "differentialist", arose as a reaction to coercive and oppressive policies of assimilation, but that there is now a trend away from differentialist multiculturalism towards assimilation, but a softer form, defined as an intransitive process of becoming similar. x[[o~7 v4C$Kumyp0]IE]qQe\( 0000031670 00000 n Assessment instruments for the global workforce. %PDF-1.5 Download London: Sage. Cultures consequences: international differences in work-related values. <> Smith, D. B., Desai, H., Cotner, J., & Kashlak, R. (2005). In summary we can say that cultural competence is multi-dimensional construct that is not always perceived and used in the same way. Koester, J., & Olebe, M. (1988). 9 0 obj Looking at the demographics of the United States, this video considers how the nursing population differs from the general population. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10(1), Art. Adapting to a new culture: An integrative communication theory. Hb```f`Jc`g`+ed@ A6(.(*&v 1aC`|,[Y:0ev}#SL{lb~OrWzC ngoscXv~z1JQ&bTc*^>3l_=- [41], in a review of "Intercultural Communication", identified three significant trends in recent research: intercultural context, measurement of intercultural communication competence, and linkages between multicultural competence/social justice initiatives and Intercultural communication competence (ICC). The Cultural Competence Assessment Tool (CCAT), made by the Boston Public Health Commission is an answer to the 2001 United States Department of Health and Human Services Office ofMinority Health (OMH) issued National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health Care (CLAS). Learningoutcomesasessmetn.org. 0000007766 00000 n On the other hand situations that involved a higher degree of friendliness and intimacy and a lower degree of dominance appeared to facilitate intercultural understanding (p. 279). Sofia, Bulgaria: Klasika y Stil Publishing House. Scenario-based training could be mixed with role-play. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Results showed that the children's socio-spatial worlds were different in the two segregated areas of the city. Other "curve" models exist, e.g. Level 0: Confusion This is the degree zero of self-awareness, level 0 at which the individual . Scheele, Brigitte & Groeben, Norbert (1988). 0000003653 00000 n Some of these models can be quite complex. ISSN 1438-5627. Individualism and collectivism are relative and manifest in all cultures. Before teaching intercultural competence, it may be interesting to see how people view cultural difficulties. Morrison, Terri, Wayne A. Conway and George A. Borden (1997). ePortfolios enable students to electronically collect their work over time, reflect upon their personal and academic growth, and then share selected items with others, including professors, advisors, and potential employers. (Chiu & Hong, 2005).. the process of infusing an international, intercultural or global dimension into the purpose, function, or delivery of postsecondary education (Knight, 2003, pp. Human Communication, 1, 1-16. Gullahorn and Gullahorn (1963) [68] describe the mechanics of a U-curve as follows: Initially the sojourners report feelings of elation and optimism associated with positive expectations regarding interaction with their hosts. Educational Research.Special Issue: Virtual Worlds and Education, 52(2), 169-182. doi:10.1080/00131881.2010.482744. Guo, Y. and the second depicting post-migration roles and responsibilities. about how to communicate competently (Lustig and Koester 2006, 52) cited by Perry and Southwell (2011) [34], Kupka et al. Subjektive Theorien und Integration. Psychological distress, rather than euphoria, appeared to characterize entry to a foreign milieu., culture shock is a process of intercultural learning, leading to greater self-awareness and personal growth.