Outcome measures were collected from included studies. The vast majority of providers and health systems utilize some form of computerized patient records. Through a comprehensive literature search, the overview aimed to identify health areas and specific school health service interventions that have at least some evidence of effectiveness. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Julia Levinson, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. Copyright: 2019 Levinson et al. Gifted Education in Rural Schools. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. The final SR on mental health services examined well-being interventions for children with a parent in the military [29]. Saving Lives, Protecting People, School Health Index: A Self-Assessment and Planning Guide, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. State and local stakeholders are encouraged to use other data, such as youth behavior surveys and public health surveillance, to identify which health risks have the greatest impact on students. health record explaining the purpose of school health records, services offered by school health personnel, and the desirability of periodic health examinations. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. Walter and colleagues found that family asthma educational programs for children and their parents or caregivers improved quality of life for both caregivers and children, and decreased asthma exacerbations for children [37]. However, domestic legislation fails to define health records as a legally important collection of health data and documents. No literature is currently available showing the number of hospitals and health care systems that provide EHR access to school nurses. In addition to SRs that did not meet these inclusion criteria, SRs were excluded if the review was superseded by a newer version. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. Schools offer a unique platform for health care delivery. School health will be fully integrated into the greater healthcare system to provide a holistic, child-centered, health system. Access to education and safe and supportive schoolenvironments have been linked to better healthoutcomes. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. DoE Issues New Guidance on FERPA and Student Health Records Neil and Christensen analyzed 21 unique anxiety prevention and early intervention programs and found reductions in anxiety symptoms in 78% of the included studies [34]. Outcomes across studies differed, but the authors noted trends toward improvement in menstruation knowledge, management practices, psychosocial outcomes, and school attendance. Finally, meta-analysis by Werner-Seidler and colleagues of 81 RCTs on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention and group therapy programs found small yet statistically significant effect sizes in favor of the intervention groups for both depression and anxiety as compared to control groups [28]. Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39]. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. Nonetheless, it is interesting to note that all four of the SRs given moderate or high levels of confidence were Cochrane reviews. Qualified professionals such as school nurses, nurse practitioners, dentists, health educators, physicians, physician assistants, and allied health personnel provide these services. Hennegan and Montgomery found a high level of heterogeneity and substantial risk of bias in the included studies overall, thus they were unable to make conclusions about the effectiveness of menstrual management interventions [22]. Hennegan and Montgomery assessed the effectiveness of hardware and software menstrual management interventions (Table 3B) [22]. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services. Further, no SRs evaluated comprehensive or multi-component school health services. Another limitation is that this overview only included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and other controlled study designs where health professionals delivered the intervention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Nutrition, physical activity/physical education through 8 content areas loosely aligned with Coordinated School Health (CSH), Nutrition, physical activity, asthma, sexual health, safety, and tobacco, structured around the eight-component CSH model; assessment is customized by users selection of topics, 11 characteristics of a healthy school and community model that incorporates the eight-component CSH model and effective teaching and learning indicators, based on the development of the whole child, Assessment and planning; evaluation tool for the Healthy Schools Program, Assessment and planning; compatible with a School Improvement Plan, PDF and paper version; access to Online Analysis Tool (OAT), On-site technical assistance sessions for selected sites, Training manual, free on-site workshops, technical assistance, Online resources, trainings, consultancy, and technical assistance, School champion enters information online after consulting with others, Completed inventory generates an action plan based on local priorities, Team creates an action plan based on assessment results using online tool or available template, Healthy School Improvement Plan is created automatically once data is entered into OAT; completed Online Analysis Tool generates a Healthy School Improvement Plan, Resource database and technical assistance based on the inventory; national recognition program, Resources through Web site and partner organizations. Additionally, a recent review found that school-based or school-linked health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9]. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. It should include not only personal data of the pupil but also his school-attainments, health report, personality traits and participation in activities. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. This document replaces the School Nurse Role in Electronic School Health Records (January 2014). The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. A majority of the studies (80%) were given low or critically low levels of confidence. An important consideration in overviews is the degree of overlap, or the use of the same primary study in multiple included SRs. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. From the limited amount of information available in existing systematic reviews, the strongest evidence supports implementation of anxiety prevention programs, indicated asthma education, and vision screening with provision of free spectacles. You may know to keep a file of those records. While results from primary studies were statistically significant in both SRs, heterogeneity of interventions precluded meta-analysis by Walter and colleagues [37] and no reason was given for why meta-analysis was not performed by Geryk and colleagues [31]. PDF SCHOOL HEALTH RECORD - Pennsylvania Department of Health To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . Information from school health records will show proof of student health issues that ought to be self-addressed. Building on a method suggested by Shea and colleagues [17], grades of confidence in the results of each SR were generated based on critical flaws and non-critical weaknesses. CCA values for all health areas and calculations are available in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. However, it should be noted that these SRs found mixed evidence of maintenance of effects over time [28,32,34,39]. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. One of the central questions of this overview was whether the school health services that are regularly delivered across the globe are evidence-based. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, High overlap can contribute to biased results [15]. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. Although prevalence of visual impairment varies widely by ethnic group and age [41], WHO estimates that at least 19 million children below age 15 are visually impaired [42]. It is important to note that any health records that the school receives from outside providers will most likely be considered school health records. This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. The mismatch in the SR literature identified by this overview demonstrates that more research must be done before an answer to this question can be determined. Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. However, this conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to small effect sizes, small sample sizes, and conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy between Sullivan and Simonson [36] and Gold and colleagues [23]. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. Confidence in results ranged from high (three or fewer non-critical weaknesses) to critically low (more than three critical flaws with or without non-critical weaknesses) [17]. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviews, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Schools are considered to be an ideal platform for oral health promotion through education, services, and the school environment [6]. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. The effectiveness of school-based mental health services was assessed in nine SRs (Table 3C) [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36,39]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212603, Editor: Danuta Wasserman, Karolinska Institutet, SWEDEN, Received: February 5, 2019; Accepted: May 27, 2019; Published: June 12, 2019. | 3 Registration Options. I am Tim Stephens. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11). All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. Meta-analysis indicated small, yet statistically significant, reductions in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, and BMI percentile for both obesity treatment and prevention [26]. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. Small but statistically significant effect sizes were found in favor of the intervention for mean plaque levels and oral hygiene, but no statistical significance was found for change in gingivitis indices [27]. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. Because all three school health assessments are based on best practices and focus on known youth health risks, many of the assessment items are similar. Systematic reviews of intervention studies that evaluated school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider were included. All schools funded by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation are required to use the Healthy Schools Inventory for planning, national recognition, and program evaluation. The majority of SRs assessed educational, counseling, or preventive interventions, most of which were special research interventions rather than routinely-delivered school health services. Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. Copyright 2022 webdev. Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. Maintaining accurate records is essential to provid- ing quality care and protecting the health and safety of children in child care settings. Ukraine war latest: Russia makes first comments on missile strikes More research should be done to identify the content and methods of deliver that make some oral health education interventions more effective than others. PDF The Importance of Health Records - Scientific Research Publishing Reasons for exclusion were selected from the ranked list. In addition, school-age childrenand adolescents have positive physical, sexual,psychosocial and neurocognitive health anddevelopment needs as they progress from childhoodto adulthood. In addition, school health data provides the potential to determine the most effective interventions to support the well being of children. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. WHO reports densities of less than one physician per 1000 population in 76 countries and less than three nurses or midwives per 1000 population in 87 countries [50]. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant There was 92% agreement between reviewers for all items within the standard form, with discrepancies only in level of detail. In allWHO regions, school-age children and adolescents(those aged 519 years) experience a range oflargely preventable health problems, includingunintentional injury, interpersonal violence, sexualand reproductive health issues, communicablediseases, noncommunicable diseases and mentalhealth issues. There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. Protecting the Privacy of Student Education Records S4 Appendix. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. However, it was unclear whether these studies involved a health provider [22]. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. All rights reserved. Another important gap that this overview reveals is a lack of research on interventions carried out in LMIC and low-income countries (LIC).