What About Mate Selection and Expected Litter Coat Color? A Locus. Solid Colors - Hazelwood Border Collies 4lb AKC red toy poodle. It does not occur in the eyes or the nose; only eumelanin occurs in those areas so only genes that affect eumelanin can affect their color. Phaeomelanin creates reds that range from deep red (Irish Setter) to orange, cream, gold, yellow, or tan. Admiral is a parti merle. Coat color genetics can be fun and interesting at the same time. If a circle is filled with color, it means the color of the dog has been determined at that point. Black and tan dogs will display a face mask if they carry EM. Science Corner: Coat Color Genetics 101 - Embarkvet Ay/at - The dog is sable. Locate the program files (This PC -> Windows (C: ) -> Program Files or Program Files (x86) -> Bifido Punnet Square Calculator). This genetic site is responsible for diluted pigment which lightens coats from black or brown to gray or blue or very pale brown. The appearance is similar to grizzle but is caused by a different mutation that has only been detected in English Cockers to date. S/N= Dogcarries one solid gene and one parti gene, ___ has two copies of the gene responsible for a furnished coat = F/F, ___ has one copy of the gene responsible for a furnished coat = F/IC, ___ has no copies of the gene responsible for a furnished coat = IC/IC, Will be written out in certificate as:___ has two copies of the gene responsible for a curlycoat = Cuc/Cuc___ has one copy of the gene responsible for a curlycoat = Cuc/Cu___ has no copies of the gene responsible for a curlycoat = Cu/Cu, Interpreting Genetics Lab Results for Colour, KB/n= Dog carries one blocker and one non blocker. This complete set of dog genes gave scientists, breeders, and owners a powerful tool to better understand and care for dogs. They also don't test for Aw in the traditional way Paw Print Genetics does, so we will just focus on Ay, At and a. ayay +/+, axax -/-, awaw -/- =Dog carries two sable genes, ayaw +/-, axax -/-, awat+/- = Dog carries one sable gene and one phantom gene, ayaw +/-, aax +/-, awaw -/- = Dog carries one sable gene and one recessive black gene, awaw -/-. So you want to know more about dog genetics, but no clue where to start? These are, in order of dominance: ay, aw, at, and a. Once your order is complete, you will be sent a sample collection kit from VetGen that may be used at any time. Those dogs, which have two copies of any of several b alleles will be brown. Most breeds are fixed for either curly or not-curly, but in breeds where there is variation, dogs may now be tested to see if they carry zero, one or two copies of the curly or non-curly versions of the KRT71 gene. Black = Black Colored Dog Chocolate = Brown Colored Dog White, Cream, Apricot or Red = White, Cream, Apricot or Red Colored Dog, but could have either Brown or Black pigmentation. Any dog that is "ee" will be some shade of yellow to red, and everything happening at the A, B, and K loci will be hidden until the next generation. However, this dogs coat color is dependent on its genotypes at the E, A and B genes. That is why you may have pups that are not mirror images of either parent. There has also been an as allele theorized. The dog genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA and thousands of genes, but only 8 genes in the dog are associated with coat color. Skin color and hair color are closely related. "Thinking that genetics are destiny that if a problem is 'genetic,' it can't be changed. KBky a black dog on the other hand may produce fawn pups. The gold color occurs when a dog carries two copies of the recessive ee gene. For example, if a dog is Ay/Ay both alleles are accounted for. So each gene test gives two results for each dog - one has come from his father and the other his mother. Colors Explained - Lovell's Poodle Castle $1,500.00 Mini Goldendoodle Puppies (Red & White) for sale in Lehi, UT on KSL Classifieds. The melanophilin gene has recently been shown to be responsible, but not all of the dilute causing mutations have been identified yet. What does the term isabella mean? Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who, through his scientific work with pea plants, became known as the father of genetics. If the two alleles are the same, the dog is said to be homozygous. BB S41C+/-, Q331X -/-, 345delP -/-, just focus on whether it say BB, Bb or bb. It has recently been demonstrated that in many breeds, the FGF5 gene is responsible for whether a dog has a long coat (rough or fluffy), or a short (smooth) coat. 1st coat test/1st dog $65, additional coat tests for the same dog $20 each. In breeds where the A locus does not come into play, any animal that has at least one B allele (and is not "ee"), will be black in pigmented coat. Affiliate of Mars Inc. 2023 | Copyright VCA Animal Hospitals all rights reserved. Click on 'Place a secure order ONLINE for Canine now' just below the search box in the upper right hand corner of the homepage www.vetgen.com KBky. Genetic carrier (Carrier), means that the dog has an inherited recessive trait that it does not display, but can pass on to offspring. Scientific American May 2023 Issue. From two pigments comes multiple variations in canine coat color and that is what makes your dog unique! What is KYKY in dog genetics? This site is responsible for different coat patterns in the dog. kbky dog genetics Author summary Like any human, dogs may suffer from or pass on a variety of inherited disorders. The genome of a dog contains approximately 2.4 billion nucleotides. These mutations are responsible for a reverse mask or widow's peak appearance in the "domino" Afghan Hound and "grizzle" Saluki (Eg), as well as the "sable" English Cocker Spaniel (Eh). But recent evidence presented at the conference on Advances in Canine and Feline Genomics and Inherited Disease in Baltimore, MD (from Sept. 23-25, 2010), seems to indicate it is not a separate allele. Get the most accurate results of any DNA test, along with exclusive tools to manage your pairings and litters. If you would like additional help, you can contact a member of the Embark team at breeders@embarkvet.com. KBKB- dogs that are homozygous(two copies) for KB cannot produce fawn pups regardless of the genetic make-up of the other parent. Award-winning writer, journalist, and podcast host, Lisa Peterson, is a canine subject matter expert and Senior Content Strategist, Breeder/Veterinarian at Embark Veterinary. Our first homebred girl. As far as I'm aware, dominant black dogs don't have these sorts of markings. Quick Summary. He is very sweet and playful. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. These new tests are offered exclusively through VetGen. There are a couple ofscenariosthat could produce red pups out of black dogs: 1) One of the parents is solid black with no tan makings (not counting ticking). The alternate ky variant of the CBD103 gene disrupts the normal function of the CBD103 gene allowing for agouti (A locus) gene expression and the inhibition of black pigment synthesis. Genetics Basics Coat Color Genetics In Dogs. Try these breeding games! - The Institute of Canine Biology Lisa began owning, breeding, and handling Norwegian Elkhounds more than 35 years ago, and today is an AKC judge and AKC Breeder of Merit. For an example using the standard hierarchy above, a dog that is ayaw or ayat will be fawn/sable, and only a dog that is atat or ata will be black and tan. E (extension) locus. This would allow them to produce a red pup that is E_ ay_ In some breeds this combination is red. For example you most often have areas of pink skin where there is a white pattern. 0. For those of you who are curious to know more, or have questions, feel free to ask! Eumelanin and phaeomelanin in all their forms create a huge range of dog coat colors. Get in Touch. Expression of all of them requires any combination of two k y or K br alleles at the K locus, and at least one E or E m allele at the E locus. Poodle Colors & Patterns | Le Harrell's Standard Poodles | Falcon Grizzle (EG) is only present in Saluki and Afghans Hounds. When shopping is complete, click on the CHECKOUT icon. Dogs with one copy of this variant will have more limited white spotting and may be considered flash, parti or piebald. The gene involved is known as MC1-R, which has at least eight versions affecting the appearance of the dog, E, Em, eg, eh, ed and e, e2, e3. Dog Genetics 3.0: Simple Genetic Diseases. KBKB- dogs that are homozygous(two copies) for KB cannot produce fawn pups regardless of the genetic make-up of the other parent. by The Pet Genetics Lab. Buhund genetics - BuhundWeb & Database And with a sound knowledge of genetics, dominant vs. recessive genes, mutations, and possible alleles, predicting the color of puppies is a statistical probability. Wow informative I did not know a dog with red or brown hair could carry a dominant black color @ thriftywholesaler. Dd = Dog carries one non-dilute gene and one dilute gene, EM/EM= Dog carries two copies of melanistic maskEM/N = Dog carries one copy of melanistic maskN/N = Dog doesn't carry melanistic mask, FI= Dog carries one furnishing gene and one improper coat gene, CT= Dog carries one curl gene and one non curl gene, CT = Dog carries one high shed genes and one low shed gene, For DDC reports you need to ignore all the things written inbetween the. This holds true for both solid colored and agouti-patterned animals. VetGen offers a test to see if a furnished dog carries the recessive unfurnished trait, which is considered unfavorable in some breeds. For example in the main report (first picture) it states 'not carrying aY. Locus:The specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome (plural loci). While it is not a color trait, the length of a dog's coat is of interest to many. Domino animals of this type will either have two copies of the mutation or have a single copy paired with and e. The B locus is responsible for the presence of brown, chocolate, or liver animals. $950.00 . I've compiled a fairly extensive guide to canine genetics for you all! It's just been luck that you haven't gotten any until now. You can have a dog that is parti, phantom, and brindle. Open Source Photo. The dog genome is divided into 78 chromosomes, with 38 pairs of non-sex chromosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. The A locus is responsible for a number of common coat patterns in the dog. This site creates coats of irregularly shaped patches of diluted pigment and solid color. Sex in dogs in determined the same way as in humans: females have two "X" chromosomes (one from each parent) and males have one "X" and one "Y" chromosome. They are there, and will still be passed on to offspring, but they will not express. We use the term dominant black for KB. KbKy = Dog carries one blocker and one non blocker. It affects French Bulldogs more frequently than other breeds. They have medium length wavy hair which covers them from head to paw. An insertion near the MITF gene turns off pigment production in the coat and skin, resulting in white hair and/or pink skin. If a dog is kbrkbr, or kbrky, it will nearly always be brindled and we look next at the A locus to see the background color and pattern of that brindling. or Current dog breeding: selection on genes. No need to mix and match results for various tests. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. (= livre) comic book. B/B = Black based dog that carries two black genes, B/b = Black based dog that carries one chocolate gene, b/b = Chocolate based dog that carries two chocolate genes, E/E = Non apricot dog that doesn't carry an apricot gene, E/e = Non apricot dog that carries one apricot gene, e/e = Apricot based dog with two apricot genes, Kb/Ky = Dog carries one blocker and one non blocker, Ay/Aw= Dog carries one sable gene and one wolf sable gene, Ay/At = Dog carries one sable gene and one phantom gene, Aw/Aw = Dogs carries two wolf sable genes, Aw/At = Dogs carries one wolf sable gene and one phantom gene, Aw/a = Dog carries one wolf sable and one recessive black gene, At/a = Dog carries one phantom gene and one recessive black gene, a/a = Dogs carries two recessive black genes. In dogs and wolves there are four known alleles of the extension locus: E M, E G . The mutation which causes merle in all of its forms has been identified. The sum of a dog's genetic material can be thought of as a cook book which is split into chapters containing recipes. Krista Williams, BSc, DVM, CCRP; Lynn Buzhardt, DVM. PCA stands for Plan de Continuit dActivit (French: Business Continuity Plan). Any dog which is "bb" will be have brown fur in those areas that would otherwise be black. Tan points/tricolor.' Dominant black dog can also be a "seal", "puppy-seal" or "bronzed". a pattern that looks like a mix of tan points and saddle; the tan reaches farther on the dog's body (covers most of the face, legs, and reaches to the chest) than traditional tan points, but does not recede far enough to be distinguished as saddle. Over the past several years, scientists at VetGen and elsewhere have determined the actual genes associated with many of these loci, and identified the mutations responsible for the different versions (alleles) of these genes. Tan meaning light fawn to darker red. The first locus to look at is the E locus. Edit: Here are pictures of Mom and Dad, working on getting pictures of my dog. Dogs with B/B and B/b genotypes may have a black coat, whereas dogs with a b/b . The genotype at the B locus affects any black hairs regardless of the allele causing them, and a bb dogs eyes will likely become amber or copper. S/S or Sp/Sp (2 copies) dog displays piebald. Expression of all of them requires any combination of two ky or Kbr alleles at the K locus, and at least one E or Em allele at the E locus. 2000 Jun; 31(3):194-99. You will then be sent our oral cheek swab sample collection kit(s). breeders@embarkvet.com, 2023 Embark Veterinary, Inc. | Breed: F1 English Cream Goldendoodle. The ay allele will result in a fawn or sable appearance. axax -/-. But they will usually have some black hair, if searched thoroughly. Sandy , UT | 5 Hours . My dog looks like a Carolina Dog, but your results don't include that ancestry. Some black and tan dogs display the phenotype that is referred to as "saddle." In breeds where the breed standard disqualifies all but self-colored dogs, testing for these two alleles is once again all that is needed. Chip. French term or phrase: English translation: The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Dogs with two copies of any combination of the three e alleles will be white, yellow, orange or red in their pigmented coat regardless of their genotype at all the other loci. Yes it is very possible. brindle, express A Locus mutations or not, a must be ordered along with at due to genetic interaction between the two mutations. Feline Coat Color, Profiling/Parentage, DNA Storage self-colored (solid color in pigmented areas), allows A locus to express (tan point, tricolor, fawn, sable, tawny) with brindling, allows expression of agouti patterns without brindling. This variation in red color intensity is controlled by multiple genetic loci and has different genetic determinants in different breeds. In fawn/ sable dogs this test shows if other agouti alleles are present but hidden (only one copy of Ay). Science. A full fluffy dog is the same as a classic french bulldog but carries 2 copies of a recessive long hair gene called L1 or L4. A KBKB dog will be dominant black. However, this dogs coat color is also dependent on its genotypes at the E and B genes. The D locus is the primary locus associated with diluted pigment, which results in coats that would otherwise be black or brown instead showing up as gray, or blue in the case of black, and pale brown or Isabella in the case of brown. They control the pigments produced (eumelanin and phaeomelanin) and where these pigments are produced. Dogs that are ee (recessive red) will not produce any dark hairs regardless of their genotype at the K, A, B, and D loci. Em (melanistic or dark mask) is at the top and is dominant to the other E alleles. embarkvet com activate i would like to know if Red is a recessive gene that is shown up and if so is the Age of the parent dogs a factor. Vetgen can presently test for these two alleles. Red 8/10. Domina, a 75% Afghan, and 25% Saluki dog, displaying the grizzle/domino pheonotype. If a dog has at least one KB allele, you can completely ignore the A locus regarding that dogs phenotype. This test analyzes whether an animal has 0, 1 or 2 copies of the mutations typically responsible for brown, which is also known in some breeds as liver, chocolate, sedge, and less frequently, red. H (harlequin) locus. In many breeds where the occasional tan point dog is viewed as unwanted, the k test is still warranted since the majority of dogs have two copies of this at mutation, but do not express it because of the presence of an overriding KB. In every video game, when French say Gg (Good Game), they usually mean Well Played, dont ask me why, but its commonly used by the French : If you get one kill and die, they might say Gg, (Here meaning well played) but since Gg is sometimes used as a negative expression like Game over, people will get angry at. Genes control the intensity of phaeomelanin, making the color stronger or weaker. Dogs of some breeds are fixed for Irish spotting, a pattern of white undersides, often a white neck collar, and sometimes white facial markings. The kit contains oral cheek swabs, a submission form with instructions and a return envelope. Hope this helps feel free to contact me or use the forum if you have more questions. Dog Genetics 2.0: Colours. Presence of furnishings is dominant to the unfurnished version of the gene, which depending on breed may also be referred to as satin, or sleek. When you place another order in the future you will begin again with Animal #1. A -defensin mutation causes black coat color in domestic dogs. (= nouvelle norme) revised standard of hotel classification. Genetic Testing Available for Unusual Labrador Colors. This test determines the entire sequence of the MC1R gene and gives you precise results for which two of the possible eight alleles for the gene are found in a given sample. Genetic testing of the CBD103 gene for the KB variant will determine whether a dog is a geneticCarrier of agouti gene expression. My Great Pyrenees doesn't look like a Great Pyrenees. [di ] (informal) (= overdose) intransitive verb. Admiral is a parti merle. That would cause the colored areas of the coat to be brindled. By identifying the color genotype of the parents, our clients can more accurately predict the colors of future offspring. Dogs with the kyky genotype will show a coat color pattern based on the genotype they have at the A Locus. The four alleles of this gene in order of dominance are: melanistic mask (Em), grizzle (Eg), black (E) and red (e). S Locus-testing for particolor, piebald, and extreme white. It sounds like since both the dog and the bitch are blue then they must both carry a recessive red to produce a red pup. TheB locus(TYRP1)will determine if black pigment in the coat, nose, paw pads, and eyes is lightened to brown pigment. but it isn't until you read the report on A locus that it states 'at/at' which is a more accurate depiction. Nose driven, biddability in spades, perfect size. Degenerative Myelopathy is a neurologic condition, similar to ALS or Lou Gehrigs Disease in people, that causes weakness and poor nerve function in the hind legs. Despite the huge variety in coat color, there are only two basic pigments that determine the color of canines: eumelanin (black) and phaeomelanin (red). If bred to another dog with at least one "d" allele, they could produce dilute "dd" puppies. A full fluffy dog is the same as a classic french bulldog but carries 2 copies of a. nn: non (no) tlm: tout le monde (everyone) tjs: toujours (always) tt: tout (all, everything) c tt: cest tout (thats all). Because dominant black does not allow expression of agouti a dominant black (or blue) dog can carry the black and tan at agouti and not express it. A mutation in the melanophilin (MLPH) gene is the cause of color dilution. A locus (agouti) - it must be a t a t (or theorectically a t a , as recessive black (a) is the only allele more recessive than a t . If a dog is not ee, and does not carry KB, then many other genes are allowed to express. The shade of red of their coat can range from a deep copper like the Irish Setter, to yellow like a Labrador Retriever, to the white of Samoyeds. 2. Dogs that are atat or ata display the classic "black and tan" or saddle (also known as high tan) phenotype. Eg (grizzle) is next in line and looks like the widows peak of the Afghan. Clear (N/N): A clear dog has two copies of the normal gene (this is also referred to as being homozygous normal). Admiral | Blue, White Male Poodle For Sale in Clarksville TN D/D = Dog carries two copies of non dilutegene. Gray skin may be related to Dilution and brownish skin related to Brown (Liver). Genotypes (assuming the dog is ky/ky): 1. The domestication of the cat is a bit surprising: contrary to the majority of domestic animals, cats (with the exception of lions) do not . Meltrell96. Embark hopes to make coat color easier to understand by providing this blog post and handyinfographic. Phaeomelanin in people is responsible for freckles! Visit Us 4201 Wilson Blvd, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22203 glentunnel to christchurch FREE QUOTE. Animal Genetics writes out and tests Ay, Aw, At and a separately which can be confusingto many people, but all you need to do is take any Ay, Aw, At or a's that are written out and put them together. For example, in order for grizzle to be seen phenotypically, a dog must also have the genotype kyky at the K locus and atat at the A locus. The at allele is only dominant to a. my question is Where did the Reds come from .. she had 6 pups thats her normal litter, 3 blue 2 red one hasnt changed from white yet ( they are almost 3 weeks old )there are 2 blues showing some signs of fadeing in this litter and the bitch isnt producing as much milk as her normal. The test may also be applied to black dogs where it may not be possible to tell if there is a mask. DDC Veterinary offers DNA testing for coat color genotypes for several dog breeds. Chip is a fun-loving little guy with a great personality. What are the genetic conditions that need to be fulfilled for this dog to have the black-and-tan phenotype? A single DNA sample kit is sufficient for any number of tests for one dog. By Clara Moskowitz, Emily V. Dutrow, MSJONESNYC on May 1, 2023. In addition to this, they can still be pure bred french bulldogs. Any dog that is atat or ata (and no KB) will have tan points, either with or without brindling. is the color of the dog. A black Pug. The test Vetgen offers detects the presence or absence of the recessive allele that results in long coats when present in two copies, and as such allows dogs with short coats that carry a hidden "long coat" allele to be detected. Yes, red is recessive but age doesn't have anything to do with it. Admiral - dogsnow.com the remaining 4 are extreamly well feed active and viable pups. Variation of du jour, from French du jour, of the day (French de jour means for daytime or during daytime). This pigment is produced only in the coat and affects only hair color, while eumelanin affects eye and nose color. she will be 5 month old on dec 7, 2020. she is kennel train, come with a 30 day health insurance and her ckc registered papers and her shot record.parents on site, mother is p . How is that possible? This would be a parti colored dog that also had tan points, and within those tan points there would be striping. Pinkey here! These create the language of genetics using only four letters, A, C, T, and G. Regardless of other loci, any animal with at least one B allele will have a black nose and pads, while those with any two b alleles will have a liver nose and pads. Chromosomes are made up of thousands of genes that carry traits inscribed in DNA (see article Genetic Basics: Understanding DNA for more information). If a dog is kyky (and not ee), then the A locus will be expressed as follows: TheA locus(ASIP)has 4 alleles that can be reported: ay, aw, at, and a. Interpreting Genetics Results - Kent Family Farms Annabelle will be a true foundation for our multicolored program pending health testing. KyKy = Dog carries two non blockers. For example, some dogs may have small amounts of white on their paws, chest, face, or tail regardless of their S Locus genotype. There are a total of 36 possible combinations, although some are theoretical as no breed of dog is presently known to harbor all eight variations. It may be present in the following breeds and all dogs with them in their lineage: Afghan, Belgian Shepherd, Boxer, Bull Mastiff, Cairn Terrier, Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Chihuahua, Chinese Shar-pei, English Bulldog, German Shepherd, Great Dane, Greyhound, Lakenois, Pekinese, Pug, Saint Bernard, Saluki, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Whippet. Receive personalized guidance from our in-house veterinary geneticists on how to use your Embark DNA test results to manage and improve your breeding program. His color genetics are as follows: ee. There may be other causes of this condition in dogs and a normal result does not exclude a different mutation in this gene or any other gene that may result in a similar genetic disease or trait. Note at the far left a drop down box. homestead high school staff. It also carries phantom (tan point). The extent of this black pigment will be determined by other genes. This dog will also be ay, due to its fawn coloring. Eg (grizzle) is next in line and looks like the widow's peak . However, there are genes that change the structure or production of eumelanin, changing the phenotype to brown, blue, or isabella. Dog Color Genetics - Inherited Traits DNA Testing from DDC This is the color often associated with Weimaraners. He has a full genetic panel from Embark. planning the first vet appointment for your puppy, top winter accessories to keep your dog warm. In the past, this has been thought of as a separate agouti allele. Pedigree. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. How can my shelter dog be a single breed? The dogs of Chernobyl: Demographic insights into populations inhabiting The first is an Clear dog (one that neither shows tan points nor is a carrier), reflected as KB/KB. It can be present at least, but not exclusively, in the following breeds: Australian Cattle Dog, Australian Shepherd,Bedlington Terrier, Border Collie, Brittany Spaniel,Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Chihuahua, Chinese,Shar-pei, Cocker Spaniel, Curly Coated Retriever,Dachshund, Dalmatian, Doberman Pinscher,English Cocker Spaniel, English Setter,English Springer Spaniel,Field Spaniel, Flat-Coated Retriever, Fox Terrier, French Bulldog,German Longhaired Pointer, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Wirehaired Pointer,Labrador Retriever, Lowchen,Miniature Pinscher,Newfoundland Pointer, Pomeranian, Poodle, Portuguese Water Dog, Pudelpointer,Scottish Terrier, Skye Terrier,Weimaraner, Wirehaired Pointing Griffon. The French Football Federation (abbr. Ay/aw - The dog is sable. If those of you who know more than I see anything that's incorrect, feel free to let me know and I'll do any fixing necessary! = nouveaux francs. The sections that follow describe the role these loci and others play in the coat color tests that VetGen offers. As long as the dog is not ee, if it carries KB, the dog will be black. The gene involved is the Agouti gene, and variations in it are responsible for fawn and sable dogs (Ay), wild type (aw), tan points (at), and recessive black(a). OFA Eyes, Heart, Pennhip, DNA Clear. It is important to note that the MITF insertion variant does not explain all white spotting patterns in dogs, and other variants are currently being researched. Everts RE, Rothuizen J, van Oost BA. It has two copies of sable. The puppy's coat will develop in the last few weeks of gestation.