When harvesting the fodder should be remove along the ground level. For milk-producing animals, Super Napier grass is highly recommended to increase milk production. On the first lactation, Hf cow produces 35 to 40 liters of milk per day for the next 2 months. In India, Napier grass seeds per kg are about Rs . Interest and focus on development of renewable biofuels has been increasing over the past decade leading to the introduction of a wide cadre of renewable feedstocks. Advantages of Napier Grass: Philippine Farmers Harvest Power From Grass By The Acre BioEnergy Res 5:206214, Article GCB Bioenergy 8:11621177. This is done so that the sprouting of grass will be done rapidly in order to cover the ground. All the growth stimulants that provide natural methods of pest and natural nutrients should be through the leaf for 15 days before harvest. In one year, 6 to 8 crops of Super Napier grass can be harvest. Wastewater can also be used for irrigation. When viewed within irrigation levels, the partial net returns to N did not vary within any of the irrigation rates, but the returns were numerically higher at the 168 and 336kgha1 than the lower rate suggesting the higher rates will provide yield stability and provide marginally higher returns to N application at these rates. It has the ability to withstand repeated cutting and will rapidly regenerate, producing palatable leafy shoots [ 4 ]. In this research, all plots were planted in the same year (CY 2010) and the planting costs distributed across harvested years. Besides other green fodders like Berseem, Super Napier grass is one of the most productive and healthy green fodder for animals, especially for dairy farming animals. Gir cow identity Head and body structure Gir cow head is quite different from other desi cow breeds. Make sure that you are applying at least 10 to 12 tonnes of farmyard manure in each and every hole. Bioenerg. The 5-year (20112015) average price in Georgia for peanuts, corn, and cotton was used in this study at $545.11Mg1, $1.71kg1, and $223.93Mg1, respectively [11]. One thing that must notice and be careful during providing fodder, super Napier grass must be crushed properly. Do not use the mix of available chemicals in stores. Irrigated peanut, cotton, and corn yields were increased 52, 93, and 297% over the non-irrigated yield (P0.05) during the 20112015 crop years (Table 2). In other words 200 tons per acre, which can feed to 20 dairy cows, 30 - 35 goats for 12 months. Gir cow milk and Ghee quality is very unique and high, feeding and caring are very affordable and easy to manage even in a small budget. If the cross commodity breakeven price for peanuts (for example) is below the price received for peanuts, then napier grass (the comparison crop) provides higher net returns than peanuts. Plots were harvested using a two row spindle picker using a bagging attachment to obtain samples for yield and quality determination. United States is the number one country which holds the maximum number of poultry farms globally. Future research improving water use efficiency, drought tolerance, or N efficiency of napier grass would increase the economic competitiveness of napier grass. After 80 days, after the first harvest, the weed can be take if necessary. Weeding can be done just before 20 days of your next crops. Plantation of Napier grass is done at an angle of 30 from the ground. A 32 factorial design was also included for Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer. The net return to irrigation in the 100% irrigation level did not differ from the 50% irrigation level and net returns to both irrigation levels were higher than the non-irrigated level. Napier grass had lower global warming (GW) impacts and biomass delivery costs, 34-153 kg CO eq. Irrigation should be done once in 8 to 10 days depending on the soil and availability of rain. Thus, it is the best choice to get more benefits in terms of cost, space . Very good yields are obtained from the soils which are fertile with rich content of organic matter and nutrients. 1. Cross commodity breakeven prices provide the prices change required such that the net returns between crops are equal. Knoll JE, Anderson WF, Strickland TC, Hubbard RK, Malik R (2012) Low-input production of biomass from perennial grasses in the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. Depending up on the soil, water, and method of agriculture harvest may be done depending upon the maturity and yield accordingly. Super Napier grass, stem, cultivation process and yield per acre 2022 If you don't have parental land then it cost higher than expected, but if you have already then it cost you very little in a year. This is because, late sowing gives only one cut by the last week of November and after that, it stays in a dormant stage. At the 50% irrigation level, the napier grass price would be $116.71 and $121.03 for variable and total cost, respectively. Following are required steps and stuff for the cultivation of Super Napier grass-. Even in the abundance of water and salty water the yield is not too low. The results indicate that under recent crop prices and production levels, napier grass will not compete against traditional irrigated cropping systems. The estimated yield loss due to smut disease ranges from 26 to 46%. Watering should be done on the third day. A 4-row combine was used for harvest and a sample was obtained for grain moisture and test weight. It is a tall, stout and deep-rooted perennial bunch grass . Napier grass, a tropical plant, can grow up in drought and dry conditions. The infected plants typically have small yellow leaves and short internodes. A study conducted in South Florida on mineral soil focused on the breakeven price of ethanol for ranges of biomass yields and processing costs concluding energy cane production could offer an economically feasible bioenergy feedstock [5]. Per industry standards, final pod weight was obtained after grading by deducting foreign mature and adjusting to 7% moisture content for determining final yield. The pits length can change and it is completely dependent on the land which is available. In the Coastal Plain region of Georgia, cropping systems primarily consist of peanut, cotton, and corn produced in both irrigated and non-irrigated regimes. Napier grass is ready for harvesting 3-4 months after planting and harvesting can continue at an interval of 6-8 weeks for 3 5 years. The rainfall received in 2013 is the primary reason the napier grass lodged and complicated harvest. During the harvesting process, plants cut direct from their bottom portion of the stem but just above(2 to 3 inches) from the ground. After getting sprout and 15 to 20 days older, when plants get 15 cm height, we knew first irrigation apply on the plants. These costs were removed to accurately depict the actual cost. The leaves (6 - 8 cm) are broad. Reduce the radius of the crops once every two to three years and maintain the size of the bar 3 * 2 feet. BEST WAY TO ORGANIC FARMER. Napier grass stunt diseased growth from cut clumps, Stunt disease infected plant and the plant hopper that transmits the disease. It is also important to understand the returns relative to traditional crops and cropping systems for varying crop prices. It is a myth that most green plants can't grow or survive in desert regions but it is not applied on Napier grass to a limit. Napier grass does not grow properly in the areas where there is waterlogging. For cotton, the required breakeven price occurred during 2years (40%) and 5years (50%) for the respective time periods. The average price of Super Napier grass per kg is $0.75. When you take first harvesting, then composting is required to apply on plants just after getting the same height of first composting and so on. It grows in all kinds of soil. Navel - Sahiwal cow navel is 3-4 inches in size. Producers should also consider the implications of the multi-year commitment of perennial crop production relative to the flexibility of altering annual cropping sequences as factors influencing net returns change. Never use chemical pesticides because Super Napier plants don't get diseases. Land rent cost for irrigation was applied equally in the 100 and 50% irrigation levels. Plough the land with help of tractors or whatever method you want to. Variable costs for non-irrigated peanuts, corn, and cotton were $1323, $724, and $1006ha1 and fixed costs were $469, $237, and $470ha1, respectively. Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) | Feedipedia Now, put the stems in a furrow in an end-to-end manner and start covering them with soil. Cost of production for energy cane was adopted from sugarcane budgets as agronomic practices and field operations for sugarcane and energy cane were similar providing a valuable platform for production costs on energy cane production in non-traditional areas [4, 5]. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. That is when the climate is warm. Super Napier Grass Farming | Fodder Grass Cultivation - YouTube Plants get their maximum height till the time of 8 to feet tall. Irrigated yield increases demonstrate the yield and economic importance of irrigation in coastal region of Georgia. In addition, economic comparisons were made with a traditional cropping system in the region consisting of peanut, cotton, and corn to calculate the price required for economic competitiveness. Sahiwal cow and milk production Let's start with identity terms of Sahiwal cow to identify a pure Sahiwal cow breed- Sahiwal cow identity Head - Sahiwal cow head is long in size and round on forehead in shape. Irrigated and non-irrigated land charges of $337 and $90 per acre to reflect regional rates were included for peanut, corn, cotton, and napier grass. Napier plant with smutted tillers (initial symptom). The main reason is the significant cost of N at the application rates used in this study. It is almost between the front and back legs. Agric. A producer should not consider a crop if the price received is not sufficient to cover variable cost because out of pocket expenses are not covered (Table 1). Super Napier grass is a highly nutritious forage crop in many parts of the world. There should be a gap of at least 15 cm at the top of every pit. Napier grass did not compete economically against traditional irrigated cropping systems. Combined the farm gate value of these crops totaled $1.5 billion in Georgia and are the dominant row crops produced in the coastal plain region of Georgia [11]. 11236 cuttings are required for planting per acre. According to statista.com report, there were more than 23.7 billion chickens in the world in 2019. Planting whole stems is useful during the heavy rains, and in hilly areas where you need the grass to sprout quickly to cover the ground. Moreover, for the production of Napier grass, less water and nutrients are required. Napier grass also performs well in the temperatures varying between 26C to 42C. When plants appear 15 cm and just more from the ground level, first composting can apply to the plants. For this analysis, production costs per ton and breakeven prices will be provided based on both variable and total costs of production. However, since napier grass is a perennial with multi-year production cycle, the breakeven prices for napier grass must be also calculated relative to the peanut, cotton, corn rotation system and not just against each crop individually. Economic Competitiveness of Napier Grass in Irrigated and Non-irrigated Georgia Coastal Plain Cropping Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-018-9916-1, Agronomic performance, nitrogen acquisition and water-use efficiency of the perennial grain crop Thinopyrum intermedium in a monoculture and intercropped with alfalfa in Scandinavia, Perennial Bioenergy Crop Yield and Quality Response to Nitrogen Fertilization, Alley Cropping System in Degraded Land of Central India: Evaluation of Crop Performance, Economic Benefit and Soil Nutrients Availability, Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification of Cereal Systems Leads to Energy Conservation, Higher Productivity and Farm Profitability, Cover crops for weed suppression in organic vegetable systems in semiarid subtropical Texas, Herbage accumulation, nutritive value and beef cattle production on marandu palisadegrass pastures in integrated systems, Green Manuring for Low-input Irrigated Maize Cultivation as an Energy Crop in Mediterranean Climates, Mulching and nitrogen management in peanut cultivation: an evaluation of productivity, energy trade-off, carbon footprint and profitability, Utilisation of cover crops: implications for conservation agriculture systems in a mediterranean climate region of South Africa, https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2011-0721-02-RS. In H.E. 2013 focused on crop establishment cost and whole farm production costs of five perennial energy cane varieties produced under differing crop cycle lengths [4]. Super Napier grass directly impacts the physical growth of animals. Appl Energy 86:22732282, Lamb MC, Rowland DL, Sorensen RB, Butts CL, Faircloth WH, Nuti RC (2006) Economic returns of irrigated and non-irrigated peanut based cropping systems. Allocation of land and resources will occur only if the returns are equal to or above the returns of existing cropping systems. Analysis of variance showed that irrigation level had a significant effect on partial net returns (P=0.0498). Napier grass is known for its high biomass production (up to 78 tons of dry matter per hectare annually), year-round availability under limited irrigation, ability to withstand repeated cuttings . It is fast spreadin. Super Napier grows well in all types of water. Plots were 15.2M and harvested using a 2-row pull type peanut thresher with a bagging attachment. Wet soil is preferred at the roots but you need to make sure that it is not stagnated. Feasibility of Biogas Production from Napier Grass Brachiaria: The 'wonder grass' that could transform African dairy Packchong1 is the official name of Super Napier grass. Essentially, all US sugarcane is produced in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas totaling 26.9 million metric tons in 2012. Advances in peanut science. Loosen the soil by watering and plant.After watering, put the stem in the bars at 60 cm intervals. Potassium rate across all N rates did not have a significant effect on napier grass yield (P=0.7127). The main effect of irrigation was significant for yield for all crops: napier grass, all years (30,396kgha1 100% irrigated vs. 28,114kgha1 50% irrigated vs. 22,180kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); peanuts (6395kgha1 irrigated vs. 4205kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); cotton (1537kgha1 irrigated vs. 795kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)); and corn (12,847kgha1 irrigated vs. 3228kgha1 non-irrigated (P<0.001)) (Table 2). Educ. Five energy cane varieties were examined over varying crop length cycles in Louisiana showed variable costs ranges of $63 to $76Mg1 and fixed costs from $105 to $127Mg1 for dry matter biomass [4]. The sod growing in Pampanga is the so-called "Super Napier" grass, which is packed with energy. Harvest date was determined by the peanut maturity profile method which uses mesocarp pod color as a predictor of optimal harvest date [13]. Hydroponic farming setup cost/investment in India Hydroponic farming is soil-less vertical farming that is very helpful in urban agriculture. Breakeven yields (defined as cost per acre divided by price) represent the minimum required yield to production cost at the assumed commodity price. There should be a gap of at least 15 cm at the top of every pit. Williams, and M. Singletary. Data required for Irrigator Pro includes soil type, planting date, daily rainfall and irrigation amounts, and growth stage. The yield of Napier Pakchong 1 grass | Download Scientific Diagram CAS However, all plots were harvested minimum yield impact. It should be in such a way that the seedbed should be very good for the plantation. 8:134141, Lamb M, Sorensen R, Nuti RC, Butts CL, Faircloth WH, Eigenberg D, Rowland DL (2011) Agronomic and economic effect of irrigation rate in corn produced in Georgia. Using iron plought, two to five feet deep or about 15 to 30 cm ploughing should be done deeply. The USDA-ARS WholeFarm planning system was utilized to calculate net returns and breakeven yields and prices. PDF Yield and Nutritive Quality of Nine Napier Grass Varieties in Malaysia Fodder Production These breakeven prices reflect the competiveness of napier grass grown as a perennial crop compared to individual annual crops commonly grown in rotation sequences together. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 145:1321, Article Just beside horns, Gir cow ears rest downwards. The middle rows were used to determine yield and obtain samples for post-harvest quality evaluations. Google Scholar, Coffin AW, Strickland TC, Anderson WF, Lamb MC, Lowrance RR, Smith CM (2016) Potential for production of perennial biofuel feedstocks in conservation buffers on the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. The breakeven prices are calculated for total costs (variable and fixed costs) for all crops. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Though yield difference between the 100 and 50% irrigation levels was significant, added costs for applying irrigation were incurred. - 91.234.33.200. Total rainfall received was fairly consistent in all years for all crops with the exception of 2013. Plantation of seedlings should be done in holes which are small or it can also be done in furrows. Unlike Berseem fodder, Super Napier grass grows by cutting nodes. For non-irrigated corn, the required breakeven price was reached every year over both time periods (Table 6). Irrigator Pro for corn and cotton uses estimated daily crop water use in accordance with established base values within various growth stages. As an alternative, the plantation of the grass can be done by using stem cuttings of. But in the present time, things are changed. EDIS document SC089, Anderson WF, Dien BS, Brandon SK, Peterson JD (2008) Assessment of bermudagrass and bunch grasses as feedstocks for conversion to ethanol. Now, the plantation has to be done along the contour line in order to control soil erosion. After the sowing process gets completed, the first irrigation does just by showering water on the soil. After harvest, samples were further cured to around 9% moisture, weighed, and riffle divided to obtain a 1800g sent to the Alabama Federal State Inspection Service (Dothan, AL) to obtain peanut grade factors including foreign material, total sound mature kernels, sound splits, other kernels, loose shelled kernels, and damage kernels. PubMedGoogle Scholar. in other agricultural systems. Propagation of Super Napier as Better Source of Income - epashupalan For the pits which are rectangular, the pits should be dug at a depth of 60 centimetres and a width of 90 centimetres. Every cutting must fix at a 45 to 55-degree angle. Cost for irrigation was based the actual irrigation applied each year at $50.2 per hectare-cm. Napier grass was produced in both non-irrigated and two irrigated levels with different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. Cut a mature stem of Napier grass. Best management practices and in-season scouting were used for disease, weed, and insect control. After this, watering should be done immediately. Within 50 and 100% irrigation treatments, the required breakeven for peanuts was not reached in either the 5 or 10-year periods showing that irrigated peanuts were more profitable. Don't use chemical or laboratory fertilizers in your fields, instead use organic compost. Before starting the cultivation of Napier grass, plough the field and harrow it very well. Super napier grass seeds for sale at Rs.1 per stem(50% offer)in India Napier grass contains 30.9% total . The disease reduces forage yield by 40 to 90%. Irrigated variable costs were $1522, $1477, and $1237 with fixed cost of $489, $316, and $492ha1, respectively. Peanuts were dug and inverted using a 2-row inverter and allowed to cure in the field to approximately 18% moisture content. The disease is mainly transmitted by plant and leaf hoppers and stem cuttings. Growing up to a high height (400 - 500 cm). Amer. Energy cane, high-fiber sugarcane, has been identified as a potential warm-season alternative for bioenergy production in the Southeast because of higher yield potential and similar production practices and equipment requirements for production, harvesting, and transportation used in sugarcane production [3, 4].