Mouse models for drug discovery. All Rights Reserved. The rhesus macaque, which is the species most frequently used by academic investigators in the United States, can be obtained from the NPRCs, CROs, and other US centers, with reasonable waiting times. T 2017). In January of 2017, NNEVS became an independent Non-Profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, no longer affiliated with SVU as a chapter. Northern New England Vascular Society was founded by Betty LaBombard, Maryann Waters, Anne Musson and Nancy Gardner in 1994 as an Affiliate Chapter of the , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. [16], In 1985, NEAVS began funding Bjorn Ekwall, PhD, chairman of the Cytotoxicology Laboratory (CTLU) in Sweden,[17] a laboratory which designs and validates alternatives to animal research, to develop an in vitro method of toxicology testing capable of replacing the LD50 test,[18][19] which assesses substance toxicity based on the dose that kills 50% of animals in the test. Trewyn, P.S. Dudley KA , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. [53], NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[54] lobbying for dissection choice,[25] petitioning the U.S. , Akiota MT, Mohr EL, Weiller AM, Lehrer-Brey G, Weisgrau KL, Mohns MS, Breitbach ME, Rasheed MN, Newman CM, Gellerup DD, Moncla LH, Post J, Schultz-Darken N, Schotzko ML, Hayes JM, Eudailey JA, Moody MA, Permar SR, OConnor SL, Rakasz EG, Simmons HA, Capuano S, Golos TG, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, OConnor DH. Domestic breeding colonies of animals, originally of Asian origin, such as rhesus (Macaca mulata), pigtail (Macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, and NHPs of African origin, baboons (Papio sp.) WebThe Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in Biomedical and Agricultural Research by Karen Davis, PhD, President of United Poultry Concerns, was graciously funded by the , Lutz C. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. Spring 2005. Harding The well-established difference in the response of Indian- versus Chinese-origin rhesus macaques to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus is a graphic example of this phenomenon (Harding 2017 and references therein; Van Rompay 2017). [30][44][45], The Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC) is NEAVS' educational affiliate. Laura Cox and colleagues provide a detailed review of the use of NHPs to study several aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Animal Data Is Not Reliable for Human Health Research Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. Chimpanzees have also been moved by truck from various centers to the Chimp Haven sanctuary within the United States, as mandated by the NIH (Reardon 2015), following a complex review process that involved, among others, the US National Academy of Medicine and the NIH Council of Councils and Directors Office with input from researchers and stakeholders. John D Harding, Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges, ILAR Journal, Volume 58, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 141150, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilx033. CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches make it possible to rather easily modify virtually any gene, or to create inactivated or deleted genes (knockouts) or to introduce genes of interest into the genome (knockins). An independent non-profit Vascular Ultrasound Society The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and These authors also comment on emerging areas in the field of female reproduction, including infection with Zika virus and the potential use of transgenic technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to create new disease models relevant to translational research related to womens reproductive health. There is increasing realization that variation in genetics or other factors such as the social interactions of individual rhesus or cynomolgus macaques can influence experimental results. Annual membership fee of $35 is due by April 30 of each year. In summary, advances in NHP genomics have high potential to identify and develop NHP models of use for translational research. Taken together, these articles provide detailed reviews of the use of NHP models for translational investigations and discuss successes, limitations, challenges and opportunities associated with this research. [38][55][56][57], Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research Bailey, J. NGVB Productive breeding colonies were rapidly reestablished at the recipient NPRCs, suggesting a relative lack of stress on macaques and marmosets caused by movement among centers. JCI Examples include support for women doing research that does not involve animals and is aimed at understanding, among other things, sex differences' effect on biomedical research results as well as the implications of such differences for the use of other species to extrapolate animal data to human health; and environmentalism through investigation of the serious and detrimental environmental impact that the use and disposal of millions of animals used in research, testing, and education has on the environment (women and the environment are the core of NEAVS' Common Ground campaign). [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. Neeves Lab JP [25][28][26], NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. BN Similar regulations and mechanisms exist in Europe (for reviews, see Bayne and Morris 2012; Olsson et al. . The ability to readily sequence individual animals has prompted the champions of this technology to suggest large-scale sequencing of many more animals, particularly rhesus at the NPRCs (Bimber et al. Underpinning all of these studies is the close similarity in physiology between the NHP and human respiratory systems. ESEC is a proponent of dissection choice legislation and policies which provide students the right to choose alternatives to animal use in their education. Web1981 Frederick Coulston, a toxicologist, establishes the White Sands Research Center (renamed the Coulston Foundation), a biomedical research lab in New Mexico. In the context of NHP-based studies, it is important to note that centers such as the NPRCs maintain very detailed computerized animal records that include many of these data. Today, NNEVS offers two conferences annually to provide medical professionals an opportunity to earn 5 CMEs at EACH conference and operates as a non-profit organization for scientific or educational purposes. 2016; SCHEER 2017), and some Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and Korea (Ogden et al. WebThats why we created the animal protection movements first publicly accessible research and transparency toolthe Animal Research Laboratory Overview (ARLO). Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. One species for which a supply-demand problem does potentially exist at present in the United States is the marmoset, which may be particularly useful for neurobiological studies and for development of new NHP disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies (Belmonte et al. R For example, Xue et al. Human vaccine trials based on NHP preclinical models have not demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant large-scale application to human populations but have provided critical information that can be used to develop more effective vaccines (Office of AIDS Research 2017; Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017, and references therein). Discussions of NHP-related research often cite shortages in the supply of some species, leading to high prices and long waiting times to obtain animals. McGinley An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. BE A therapy or vaccine may, in its first application to humans, provide only partial efficacy or may raise critical questions that can only be answered by going back to animal models. However, this is often done with limited success, because many human diseases do not naturally occur in the animals used. They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. Neeves, [93] C.J. , Brown LL, Murphy SJ, Grieder F, Silberberg SD. Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. Neeves, D.M. Rodents may not be relevant models, because their physiology and response to infection are not sufficiently close to those of humans. M 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. Email - NEAVS/Project R&R responds to IOM chimpanzee (2015), Phillips et al. Maine Biomedical Research Cltn is categorized under Foundation Educational Philanthropic Research (SIC code 8733). , Li X, Zhang JT, Cai YJ, Cheng TL, Cheng C, Wang Y, Zhang CC, Nie YH, Chen ZF, Bian WJ, Zhang L, Xiao J, Lu B, Zhang YF, Zhang XD, Sang X, Wu JJ, Xui X, Xiong ZQ, Zhang F, Yu XGong M, Zjou WH, Sun Q, Qiu Z. Llovera NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. [29] Robert Lanford and colleagues provide an in-depth review of the history and continuing issues around the use of chimpanzees to ameliorate these three forms of hepatitis, which are caused by three different, unrelated viruses. NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, Neavs - Overview, News & Competitors | ZoomInfo.com NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. This is, however, a highly nuanced issue. 2016, 2017; Cornish et al. 2016; SCHEER, 2017). NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. G [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. The Endangered Lab Chimp | Science Amory died unexpectedly later that same year. Together, NEAVS and AFAAR have funded alternatives to common animal testing procedures such as the LD50 and Draize test for toxicity. 3 0 obj NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH . Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. 2016). , Miller P. Bayne Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. A Failure of Phase II and III clinical trials can reflect lack of efficacy, safety concerns, or both (Arrowsmith and Miller 2013). 2017). 4 0 obj As pointed out in the article, several different animal models have been used, and model development remains a very active area of preclinical research. Cruelty Free International works to end the use of animals in product testing worldwide. A highly accurate and comprehensive genome sequence is important for the optimal use of any animal model for translational studies. Project R&R National Association for Biomedical Research Animal research is generally recognized to be costly, time-consuming, and unreliable, and much of this research is neither appropriate nor applicable to humans. , Raboin MJ, Letaw J, Nevonen KA, Spindel JE, McCouch SR, Cervera-Juanes R, Spindel E, Carbone L, Ferguson B. Bimber There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Marr, K.B. This issue of the ILAR Journal provides in-depth reviews of the use and value of nonhuman primates (NHPs) for translational research. Fogelson, K.B. 2010). JE The New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior." [1] In practice, however, this is an unequal struggle. Zimmermann, E.J. This article discusses the development of preclinical NHP models, tests of potential therapies, and methods for neuroprotection. [8], The philosophy of NEAVS emphasizes that the use of animals in research, testing, and education is unscientific, as shown in numerous studies; is unnecessary due to the availability of and continuing development of alternatives that yield results superior to animal use; and that the humane and ethical arguments against the suffering and death of millions of animals in labs each year has never been stronger given how modern science shows animal use has limitations, dangers, and is little or no benefit to human health. Second, once drugs have been developed by the companies and their collaborators, Phase II and Phase III human clinical trials can have failure rates of 50% or more (Hay et al. The US National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research in the United Kingdom have provided guidance to journal editors, authors, and reviewers regarding information that should be included in publications relating to experimental animals (National Research Council 2011; Kilkenny et al. The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. In many cases, preclinical investigations that have avoided use of NHPs have failed, for example for development of therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. WebNYITCOM Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Maria Pino, Ph.D., has co-authored a new research paper that makes a strong case for why a golden spice commonly found in curry could enhance ovarian cancer treatments. Much of this discussion is centered around the use of rodents, not NHPs, and is based, in part, on two observations: First, data obtained from animal models obtained by academic laboratories and their industrial collaborators, published in highly regarded peer-reviewed journals, often cannot be reproduced by development teams within pharmaceutical companies. 3m{ Fn\W`IHsY)rr2Z:rBH#p7L 4`60Is!ccaFeA3ja |Q&0_F %5@ob-r0S3t\+bs3f;J5dygzzStp}|vhF. Proof of principal of this approach has been reported by Cornish et al. There is little evidence at present for a shortage of macaques. These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee. Therefore, changes in transportation policies by the major airlines have been inhibitory, but not disastrous. , Liesz A. Manolio As reported by company scientists, estimates of failure rate range from 89% (Begley and Ellis 2012) to 7580% (Prinz et al. Campaigns: program work that aims to increase public awareness of and support to end the use of Animals in research or to change societal or institutional practices regarding general or specific Anti-Vivisection issues.education: program work that aims to educate and support students at all levels of public or private education and professional training regarding the use of alternatives to classroom animal use or to change educational institutional practices regarding the harmful use of Animals in education.grants/awards: program work that supports collaboration with like minded individuals and organizations. 1 0 obj 2014, reviewed in Harding 2017). Cox Michael Mustari reviews the use of NHP models aimed at understanding the causes of and ameliorating conditions that lead to blindness or lack of visual acuity in humans, including problems of eye alignment (strabismus), lazy eye (amblyopia), unsteady gaze (nystagmus), and defective eye movements. [6], Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. Projects WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society | 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 | Boston, MA 02108 PAPERS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST NAS/IOM Committee Meeting on The Use of Exceptions to this are the NPRCs and other US centers that have publicly available websites that actively promote use of NHPs for translational research (https://nprcresearch.org/primate/). Besides the obvious ethical and welfare concerns, this also casts doubt on the validity of any results obtained using such animals. <> They note that NHPs are particularly useful preclinical models because of their genetic similarity to humans, size, and the relatively faster rate of development of CVD compared to humans. Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer among women in the United States, with an estimated 20,000 American Anti-Vivisection Society 2023. Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki 2016). Use of chimpanzees led to development of vaccines that prevent Hepatis A and B and antivirals that are curative for Hepatitis C. These authors also provide a summary and timeline of the events that lead to a cessation of the use of chimpanzees for invasive biomedical research and the decision by the NIH and US Congress to move these animals to sanctuaries, a process that is not yet complete. I thank the many practitioners of NHP-based research with whom I had conversations over many years at the NIH. Environmental enrichment is required by the Animal Welfare Act and is essential for maintaining the welfare of NHPs, reducing stress, and maintaining optimal health in these animals. Because the onset of the disease is intentional and researchers want to understand its process, the animals are not generally treated as human patients would be, and their pain and distress is often part of study protocols. The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). Lisa Miller and colleagues review the role of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating a number of severe respiratory conditions, including damage to the airway associated with inhaled ozone and tobacco smoke, diseases associated with airway inflammation (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and infection with viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and others. ESEC's mission is to "end the harmful use of animals at all levels of science education" by providing resources and services that support alternatives to the use of animals in education, specifically the use of animals in terminal labs, live animal demonstrations, training courses, and dissection. Recent examples include the influence of the animal rights organizations on the NIH decision to prohibit research using chimpanzees (Reardon 2015, see also commentary in this issue by Veazey and Lackner 2017 and Lanford et al. WebThe American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) offer a $40,000, one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant (with possible renewal) to a woman interested in developing, validating, or using alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences. Genomic and exomic sequences of NHPs can now be obtained readily, at moderate, but still significant, cost. Furthermore, there are a few organizations, such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research (https://fbresearch.org/), that seek to inform the public about medical breakthroughs that have required the use of animals. Animals don't have to be used for human's wants. , Schlange T, Asadullah K. Reardon This article discusses various approaches toward therapies developed in NHPs that are in the early clinical trial stage in humans. Can new tools and technology improve translational power? [49], The American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) is NEAVS' sister organization. For nearly 20 years, Coulston conducts invasive experiments on chimpanzees. Taylor Foreman and colleagues discuss the use of NHPs as preclinical models for development of vaccines that protect against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and for therapies that can ameliorate tuberculosis. Highlights of those programs include campaigning to end the use in research of the first nonhuman species, chimpanzees human's closest genetic relative (Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories); ending the use of terminal dog labs at the first veterinary school in the country, a curriculum shift later followed by other schools; and, most recently, reaching out to and incorporating other social movements into the animal protection movement. Web (NHPs) . The first NEAVS meeting was held at Peabody's house on March 30, 1895, and the first office was opened at 179A Tremont St. in Boston on September 12 of the same year, with Peabody serving as NEAVS president. Neavs Company Profile | Management and Employees List [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. They discuss a number of studies in which the physiological features related to endocrine and metabolic studies in nonobese animals have been translated from original findings in rodents to the more relevant NHP model. WebAs previously reported by NABR, the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) has drastically increased its FOIA use by hundreds of requests per month. , Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, tHart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. The petition aimed to reclassify captive chimpanzees as endangered. Research using all vertebrate animals, including NHPs, and the characteristics of the facilities that house and breed animals are regulated in North America (Griffin and Locke 2016; Tardif et al. Begley M Specifically, I thank the NPRC Directors, Drs. . Over the past several years, a modest number of publications have provided high-quality reviews of the use of NHPs for translational research, including papers by Capitanio and Emborg (2008), Belmonte et al. , Comuzzie AG, Havill LM, Karere GM, Spradling KD, Mahaney MC, Nathanielsz PW, Nicolella DP, Shade RE, Voruganti S, VandeBerg JL. All rights reserved. THE BIOETHICS OF GREAT APE WELL-BEING As discussed by Hewitt et al. Monroe, A.L. Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. NEAVS Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016). For many years, the United States has been the center of gravity for breeding and characterizing NHPs for preclinical research, with some breeding in Europe. 2023 Nonprofit Metrics LLCTerms of Service and Privacy Policy. . NHPs provide particularly useful preclinical models for studying these conditions, because, like humans, optimal visual acuity depends on frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and binocular vision. , Gautam A. Xue Peabody agreed, and Greene began organizing a number of Boston's influential individuals. Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced in the journal Nature that it will ask grant applicants to use both male and female animals in biomedical TA